The Resurgence of Mpox in Africa

Elabor Awelu

The World Health Organization has recently declared the Mpox outbreaks as part of an African public health emergency of international concern. This contagious disease, formerly known as monkeypox, has resurfaced with a new strain that is rapidly spreading across several countries in Africa. The severity of this outbreak cannot be overstated, as the Democratic Republic of Congo has already reported at least 450 fatalities. Furthermore, the disease has now been detected in approximately 13 African countries, including Nigeria. As of the 16th of August, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) reported 39 confirmed cases of Mpox in the country, amidst an ongoing cholera outbreak. It is pertinent that students be well informed about the increasing rate of disease in our society.

Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease, which means it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The virus responsible for Mpox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus that causes smallpox. Although Mpox is less severe than smallpox, its ability to spread quickly and cause significant morbidity and mortality makes it a formidable public health threat.

Mpox transmission occurs through close contact with infected animals, humans, or materials contaminated with the virus. The primary mode of transmission in animal-to-human cases is direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. Animal hosts include various rodents and primates found in the rainforests of Central and West Africa.

Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, and lesions on the skin or mucous membranes of an infected person. This can happen through face-to-face contact, often in a healthcare setting or household. Additionally, Mpox can spread through indirect contact with contaminated objects such as bedding, clothing, and other fomites. It also spreads through sexual intercourse.

Curtailing the Disease: Preventive Measures and Strategies

To effectively curtail the spread of Mpox, several health measures must be taken into consideration. Public health measures, personal hygiene, vaccination, and public awareness play critical roles in controlling the outbreak.

Hygiene Practices

Maintaining rigorous hygiene practices is crucial. Regular handwashing with soap and water or the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. It is also essential to avoid touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth, with unwashed hands. As students on campus, we are constantly exposed to different people on a daily basis, so it is important we take these measures seriously. Limit close contact with individuals who are showing symptoms of Mpox. If someone you know is infected, encourage them to seek medical attention and practice isolation as much as possible.

Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Healthcare workers and caregivers who are in close contact with infected individuals should use appropriate PPE, including gloves, masks, and gowns. This protective gear helps to minimize the risk of transmission through direct contact with bodily fluids and respiratory droplets.

Isolation

To prevent the spread of the virus, the symptomatic person should be isolated from others. This can be done at home if the symptoms are mild, or in a healthcare facility for more severe cases. Isolation should continue until all lesions have crusted over and a fresh layer of skin has formed.

Notify Health Authorities

Local health authorities should be informed of suspected or confirmed cases of Mpox. This enables them to take necessary public health actions, such as contact tracing, to prevent further transmission.

Report Symptoms Immediately

If you or someone you know starts showing symptoms of Mpox, report it immediately to the university health services. Early detection and isolation are critical to preventing the spread of the virus on campus.

Participate in Awareness Campaigns

Join efforts to raise awareness about Mpox within the university community. Participate in health campaigns and disseminate accurate information to help others stay informed and take preventive measures.

Public Awareness and Education

Raising public awareness about Mpox is crucial. People need to be educated about the symptoms, modes of transmission, and preventive measures. Public health campaigns through various media platforms can help disseminate this information effectively.

Symptoms of Mpox

Understanding the symptoms of Mpox is vital for early detection and treatment. The incubation period for Mpox is usually 7-14 days but can range from 5-21 days. The infection can be divided into two periods: the invasion period and the skin eruption period.

1. Invasion Period

The invasion period lasts between 0-5 days and is characterized by:

• Fever
• Intense headache
• Swelling of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
• Muscle aches (myalgia)
• Back pain
• Severe weakness (asthenia)

Lymphadenopathy is a distinctive feature of Mpox compared to other similar diseases, such as smallpox, chickenpox, or measles.

2. Skin Eruption Period

The skin eruption period typically begins 1-3 days after the onset of fever. The rash often starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash evolves from macules (flat lesions) to papules (slightly raised lesions), vesicles (fluid-filled blisters), pustules (pus-filled lesions), and finally, scabs. The number of lesions can vary from a few to several thousand.

Actions to Take When Symptoms Appear

Prompt action is crucial when Mpox symptoms appear to prevent further spread and ensure proper care for the infected individual.

Seek Medical Attention

Individuals exhibiting symptoms of Mpox should seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and supportive care can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of severe complications.

Follow Medical Advice

Adhering to the treatment and preventive measures prescribed by healthcare professionals is essential. This may include taking antiviral medications, if available, and following guidelines for infection control and supportive care.

In conclusion, as students, it is crucial to be aware of the Mpox outbreak and take necessary precautions to protect yourself and the campus community. Keep yourself updated on the latest developments regarding the Mpox outbreak. Follow updates from reliable sources such as the World Health Organization, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, and the university health care services.

The resurgence of Mpox in Africa is a stark reminder of the ever-present threat posed by infectious diseases. With cases spreading rapidly across multiple countries and the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, it is imperative to implement comprehensive public health measures to control the outbreak. Through isolation, rigorous hygiene practices, use of PPE, targeted vaccination, and public education, the spread of Mpox can be curtailed. Early detection and prompt action when symptoms appear are crucial to minimizing the impact of this deadly disease. The collaboration of healthcare providers, public health authorities, and the general public, is essential in combating the Mpox outbreak and preventing future epidemics. Stay informed, stay safe, and take action to protect yourself and those around you.